About

➀ Read and Learn

The following course content

Introduction   

Music has been around for a long time. One of the world’s oldest musical instruments is a flute made of ivory, swan, and vulture bones. The flute is believed to be between 43,000 and 39,000 years old (10). However, music was not only used for entertainment or dance. Since the time of Plato and Aristotle, music has been used to heal a variety of disorders from indigestion to insomnia. Ancient Egyptians were known to use musical chants to heal the sick (9).  

Music therapy has emerged as a valuable complementary therapy in healthcare settings. According to the American Music Therapy Association (AMTA), music therapy is an established health profession that uses music to address the physical, emotional, cognitive, and social needs of individuals. The integration of music therapy into inpatient care requires a multidisciplinary approach and collaborative efforts among healthcare providers. In an inpatient setting, music therapy can significantly improve patient outcomes by reducing stress, elevating mood, and promoting overall well-being. 

In this course, we will explore the principles and applications of music therapy in inpatient settings, providing nurses with the knowledge and skills to integrate this therapeutic approach into their practice. 

Needs Assessment 

Music therapy is underutilized in many inpatient settings, despite evidence supporting its benefits. Nurses play a critical role in patient care and can enhance their practice by incorporating music therapy. This course aims to bridge the knowledge gap and provide practical strategies for using music therapy to improve patient outcomes. 

Statistical Evidence/Epidemiology 

Studies have shown that music therapy can reduce pain, anxiety, and depression in hospitalized patients. According to the AMTA, music therapy interventions have been found to decrease the need for pain medication, shorten hospital stays, and improve patient satisfaction. 

Definition 

Music therapy is defined as the clinical and evidence-based use of music interventions to accomplish individualized goals within a therapeutic relationship by a credentialed professional who has completed an approved music therapy program (1). This definition highlights the structured and professional nature of music therapy, differentiating it from casual or recreational use of music. It encompasses various music therapy techniques, including active music-making, receptive listening, and songwriting. These interventions are tailored to address the specific needs of patients, whether they are physical, emotional, cognitive, or social. The personalized nature of music therapy makes it a versatile tool for addressing diverse patient needs across different healthcare settings. 

Broadly, there are two types of music therapy—active interventions and receptive interventions. Active interventions involve patients participating in playing instruments, singing, or composing music. This can help in physical rehabilitation, emotional expression, and cognitive stimulation. Receptive interventions, on the other hand, involve patients listening to music selected by the therapist, which can aid in relaxation, pain management, and emotional support (4). 

History/Background 

Music has been used as a therapeutic power for hundreds of years. The ancient Greeks and Egyptians recognized the therapeutic potential of music, using it in rituals and healing practices (12). In the modern era, music therapy gained prominence during and after World War II, as musicians played for wounded soldiers to boost morale and aid in recovery. 

Music therapy’s development was driven by the recognition of music’s benefits in treating psychological and physical conditions. The earliest known reference to music therapy was in the 1789 Columbian Magazine article “Music Physically Considered.” Early pioneers in music therapy, such as E. Thayer Gaston and Juliette Alvin, established the foundational principles and practices that continue to evolve today. The field has grown significantly, with ongoing research supporting the efficacy of music therapy in various clinical settings.  

Historical milestones, such as the establishment of the National Association for Music Therapy in 1950, the American Music Therapy Association in 1998, and the establishment of credentialing programs, have played crucial roles in the professionalization and standardization of the practice (1). Today, music therapy is a well-established field with a growing body of research demonstrating its effectiveness in different healthcare settings.  

Indications of Use 

Music therapy has shown efficacy in improving symptoms for a variety of conditions, including but not limited to cancer (2), sickle cell disease, surgical procedures, palliative care, and cardiovascular care (11). It is beneficial across different age groups and healthcare settings, including inpatient hospitals, outpatient clinics, and community programs (1). Research has shown that music therapy can reduce pain perception (5), alleviate symptoms of depression and anxiety (3), and enhance cognitive function in patients with dementia (13). 

Inpatient Use Examples 

Pain Management 

Music therapy helps alleviate pain by distracting patients and promoting relaxation. Studies have shown that music can reduce the perception of pain and decrease the need for analgesics. The mechanism behind this involves the modulation of pain perception pathways and the release of endorphins, which act as natural painkillers (5). 

Anxiety and Stress Reduction 

Music’s calming effects can reduce anxiety and stress levels, particularly in preoperative and postoperative settings. Listening to soothing music has been linked to lower cortisol levels and reduced heart rate. This can be particularly beneficial for patients undergoing invasive procedures, helping to create a more relaxed and cooperative patient (3). 

Cognitive Rehabilitation 

Music therapy supports cognitive functions, such as memory and decreased agitation, in patients with neurological impairments. It has been particularly beneficial for patients with stroke, traumatic brain injury, and dementia. Techniques like rhythmic auditory stimulation and melodic intonation therapy have shown promise in improving cognitive and motor functions (13). 

Physical Rehabilitation 

Music therapy facilitates movement and coordination in patients undergoing physical rehabilitation. Rhythmic auditory stimulation, for instance, can improve gait and motor function in patients with Parkinson’s disease. The use of rhythm and music helps patients synchronize their movements, enhancing motor control and functional mobility (7). 

Nursing Care 

Integrating music therapy into nursing care involves assessing the patient’s needs, coordinating with music therapists, and incorporating musical interventions into the care plan. Nurses play an essential role in facilitating music therapy sessions and monitoring patient responses. Effective communication and collaboration with the healthcare team ensure that music therapy is tailored to meet individual patient needs. For example, a nurse might use music to help a patient relax before a procedure or to encourage movement during physical therapy sessions. 

Implementing Music Therapy 

Nurses can incorporate music therapy into various aspects of patient care. During admission, they can assess the patient’s musical preferences and previous experiences with music therapy. This information can be used to create a personalized music therapy plan. During daily care, nurses can use music to calm anxious patients, provide distraction during painful procedures, and enhance the overall therapeutic environment. By documenting patient responses to music therapy, nurses can contribute valuable data to the healthcare team’s ongoing assessment and adjustment of the care plan.  

Safety Considerations 

According to the AMTA, ensuring the safety of music therapy involves: 

Assessing the patient’s medical and psychological condition: Before initiating music therapy, healthcare providers must evaluate the patient’s overall health status and any potential contraindications. This includes understanding the patient’s preferences and cultural background. 

Avoiding overstimulation: Music therapy should be delivered at a volume and tempo appropriate for the patient’s condition to prevent overstimulation. Selecting music that matches the patient’s current mood and energy level is crucial. 

Monitoring for any adverse reactions: During music therapy sessions, continuous monitoring helps identify and address any adverse reactions, such as increased agitation or discomfort. Nurses should be trained to recognize and respond to these reactions promptly. 

Collaborating with the healthcare team to tailor interventions: Based on interdisciplinary feedback, music therapy interventions should be customized to enhance their effectiveness and safety. Regular team meetings and updates ensure that music therapy is integrated smoothly into the overall care plan. 

Adhering to infection control protocols: In a hospital setting, infection control is paramount. Instruments and equipment used in music therapy should be properly sanitized, and therapists should follow standard precautions to prevent the spread of infections. 

Respecting patient autonomy and preferences: Patients should be given the choice to participate in music therapy and have a say in the type of music used. Respecting their autonomy and preferences enhances their engagement and satisfaction with the therapy. 

Patient and Family Education 

Educating patients and families about music therapy includes explaining its benefits, addressing any concerns, and providing information on how they can participate in or support music therapy sessions. Empowering patients and families with knowledge about music therapy enhances engagement and reinforces the therapeutic process. Educational materials, such as brochures and videos, can be useful tools for this purpose. Encouraging family involvement in music therapy sessions can enhance the therapeutic experience and provide additional emotional support for the patient. 

Family members can be encouraged to share the patient’s favorite music or participate in music therapy sessions. This not only provides emotional support but also helps strengthen the patient-family bond. Educating families about the potential benefits of music therapy can alleviate any concerns and encourage their active participation in the patient’s care. Providing information on how to use music therapy techniques at home can also help extend the benefits beyond the hospital setting. 

Educational Strategies: 

• Informative Sessions: Conduct educational sessions to explain the benefits and process of music therapy. 

• Resource Distribution: Provide educational materials, such as brochures and videos, to patients and families. 

• Engagement: Encourage patients and families to participate in music therapy activities. 

Theoretical Framework and Models 

Music therapy is grounded in various theoretical frameworks and models. Understanding these modes enhances its application and effectiveness. Some key frameworks include the Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music, Neurologic Music Therapy, and the Cognitive-Behavioral Music Therapy Model. 

Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music 

The Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music (GIM) uses classical music and guided imagery to facilitate emotional exploration and personal insight. Patients listen to music while being guided through imagery experiences that can lead to therapeutic breakthroughs. The Bonny Method is particularly effective for addressing deep-seated emotional issues and promoting psychological healing (8). 

Neurologic Music Therapy 

Neurologic Music Therapy (NMT) utilizes music to target cognitive, sensory, and motor dysfunctions in patients with neurological conditions. Techniques such as rhythmic auditory stimulation and melodic intonation therapy are used to improve motor and speech functions. NMT is based on neuroscience research and focuses on the therapeutic application of music to support brain function and recovery (6). 

Cognitive-Behavioral Music Therapy Model 

The Cognitive-Behavioral Music Therapy (CBMT) Model is rooted in psychotherapy’s cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). CBMT focuses on using music to reinforce desired behaviors and reduce undesired behaviors through structured musical interventions. CBMT is often used in settings such as special education and mental health facilities. CBMT emphasizes the use of music as a tool for behavior modification and skill development (14). 

Case Study: Integrating Music Therapy in Postoperative Care 

Background 

A 55-year-old male patient recovering from surgery reports high levels of anxiety and pain. Despite medication, his discomfort persists, impacting his recovery. The healthcare team decides to incorporate music therapy into his care plan. 

Implementation 

A certified music therapist works with the nursing team to create a personalized music playlist based on the patient’s preferences. Calm, instrumental music is played during dressing changes and while the patient rests. 

Outcomes 

The patient reports reduced anxiety and pain levels, with a noted improvement in his overall mood and recovery progress. The healthcare team observes a decrease in the patient’s use of pain medication. 

Case Study Discussion Points 

How did the team assess the patient’s needs for music therapy? 

What strategies were used to implement music therapy effectively? 

How did music therapy impact the patient’s recovery? 

Conclusion

The integration of music therapy into inpatient care offers a holistic approach to patient healing and well-being. By understanding its theoretical foundations, practical applications, and benefits, healthcare professionals can enhance patient care and improve outcomes. The interdisciplinary collaboration between nurses, music therapists, and other healthcare providers is essential for the successful implementation of music therapy. As research continues to support the efficacy of music therapy, its role in healthcare is likely to expand, offering new opportunities for improving patient care and quality of life. 

By staying informed about the latest developments and best practices in music therapy, healthcare professionals can ensure the safe and effective use of this therapeutic approach. The ongoing collaboration and education within the healthcare team are vital for the successful implementation and sustainability of music therapy programs. Ultimately, the integration of music therapy into patient care represents a commitment to holistic, patient-centered care that addresses the physical, emotional, cognitive, and social dimensions of health. 

➁ Complete Survey

Give us your thoughts and feedback

➂ Click Complete

To receive your certificate